To start the new year, we offer the text of Father Jean Goulet on the life of Francis of Assisi, founder of the Franciscans. Francis of Assisi can inspire you throughout the new year!
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FRANCIS OF ASSISI (1182-1226)
VERY CLOSE TO A SAINT
Little Life of St. Francis of Assisi Written by Jean Goulet, OFM
CHAPTER ONE
He WAS BORN LIKE JESUS
At any pilgrim who is in Assisi, Italy, the guide indicates a place, transformed into a chapel, to serve the exact place where Francis was born. `` This chapel was the stable of the ox and ass in the birthplace of Francis ... `` This leaflet I found in a biography of St. Francis [1] .
Legend or true story? Let's see what will follow. His first biographer, Thomas of Celano and St. Bonaventure are not doing memory. This tradition dates back to the fifteenth century, 200 years later.
Indeed, it is said that Francois' mother, Lady Pica, at the end of her pregnancy, in great pain, unable to give birth. Then came a pilgrim who announced that the issue would occur only if the woman leaves her lavish bedroom and falls on the first floor, among animals, and filed his first-born on the straw in a stall.
Thus, some eight centuries later, the son of Peter Bernardone born on straw in a barn, as before, Jesus son of Mary in a cave near Bethlehem, and slept on straw.
CHAPTER TWO
HIS NAME AND HIS NEW NAME
the day of his baptism, his father was absent. Her mother did call Jean [2] in honor John the Evangelist, the beloved apostle of Jesus.
But his father, returning from a trading voyage to France, preferred to give it a new name, that of Francois `or` little French, in recognition of Provence, where he concluded a bargain, in other words, because of his love of France. In addition, his wife Pica was of French origin, she was born in Picardy.
is why we quickly forget his first name, retaining only that of Francis Bernardone where Francesco `for the Italians.
ITS VARIOUS PATRONS
St. Francis of Assisi is also known in the Church as his contemporary, St. Anthony of Padua. He recognizes various sponsorships.
Patron of Italy: Italy
All the worship, a real father in faith. Patron
Italy, this little poor man of Assisi where Saint Francis `.
Patron of Architects:
Its mission he received at the foot of the crucifix of San Damiano: Rebuilding the Church was in ruins. Pope Innocent 111 recognized him as the architect of the church, one who picks up the Church of the Lateran collapsing.
Cubs skipper:
Legend of the Wolf of Gubbio did pass through Scouting, especially the cubs or cubs.
Patron of Ecology:
He WAS BORN LIKE JESUS
At any pilgrim who is in Assisi, Italy, the guide indicates a place, transformed into a chapel, to serve the exact place where Francis was born. `` This chapel was the stable of the ox and ass in the birthplace of Francis ... `` This leaflet I found in a biography of St. Francis [1] .
Legend or true story? Let's see what will follow. His first biographer, Thomas of Celano and St. Bonaventure are not doing memory. This tradition dates back to the fifteenth century, 200 years later.
Indeed, it is said that Francois' mother, Lady Pica, at the end of her pregnancy, in great pain, unable to give birth. Then came a pilgrim who announced that the issue would occur only if the woman leaves her lavish bedroom and falls on the first floor, among animals, and filed his first-born on the straw in a stall.
Thus, some eight centuries later, the son of Peter Bernardone born on straw in a barn, as before, Jesus son of Mary in a cave near Bethlehem, and slept on straw.
CHAPTER TWO
HIS NAME AND HIS NEW NAME
the day of his baptism, his father was absent. Her mother did call Jean [2] in honor John the Evangelist, the beloved apostle of Jesus.
But his father, returning from a trading voyage to France, preferred to give it a new name, that of Francois `or` little French, in recognition of Provence, where he concluded a bargain, in other words, because of his love of France. In addition, his wife Pica was of French origin, she was born in Picardy.
is why we quickly forget his first name, retaining only that of Francis Bernardone where Francesco `for the Italians.
ITS VARIOUS PATRONS
St. Francis of Assisi is also known in the Church as his contemporary, St. Anthony of Padua. He recognizes various sponsorships.
Patron of Italy: Italy
All the worship, a real father in faith. Patron
Italy, this little poor man of Assisi where Saint Francis `.
Patron of Architects:
Its mission he received at the foot of the crucifix of San Damiano: Rebuilding the Church was in ruins. Pope Innocent 111 recognized him as the architect of the church, one who picks up the Church of the Lateran collapsing.
Cubs skipper:
Legend of the Wolf of Gubbio did pass through Scouting, especially the cubs or cubs.
Patron of Ecology:
Respectful of all beings, animate or inanimate, champion of all creation, won him the part of Pope John Paul II the patronage of nature to protect the ecology. CHAPTER THREE
GOLDEN YOUTH
In the Middle Ages, children of poor families were not attending school. Francis, by cons, studied at the school that neighbored St. George's Church in Assisi: reading, writing and arithmetic, but also Latin, the language used in liturgy.
Golden Youth, the nickname has carried the youth of that time. As his father was a merchant easy, Francis allowed certain freedoms, therefore, `` such as entertainment and songs, often late into the night with his fellow `` age [3] . It was not a wanton life. His first biographer
dare say that `` the young Francis was raised by his parents in a `` senseless luxury [4] and pleasure. Why? It responds to a literary tradition of the Middle Ages. But in his second life of Francis, he is not ashamed to say, `` Growing up, he gained universal favor with a heart of gold `` [5] .
St. Bonaventure is more moderate in his presentation of Francis when he argues that: `` it was not to be carried away by the impetuosity of passion among young libertines `` [6] .
CHAPTER FOUR
LITTLE WAR BETWEEN THE TWO CITIES
In the year 1202, a war broke out between Assisi and Perugia. The neighboring town living under the protection of the papal throne, while the city of Assisi fell under the German emperor.
A fortress was built on top of Sasso Rosso overlooking the city. Immediately destroyed as soon rebuilt, and more around the walls of Assisi, governed by a tyrant. Francis worked on this project. He made himself by hand. This will be useful one day not very distant. That was in 1197-1198.
To break free from the tutelage of the tyrant Germanic nobles of Assisi turned to the neighboring republic: Perugia. Unfortunately, taking advantage of their momentary weakness, the proud city gave them the papal war.
So in its twentieth year, Francis, became a soldier to defend his city against Perugia. It was not for him, a moment of glory. Pont-Saint-Jean, on the Tiber, he was disarmed and imprisoned with his companions near Perugia.
GOLDEN YOUTH
In the Middle Ages, children of poor families were not attending school. Francis, by cons, studied at the school that neighbored St. George's Church in Assisi: reading, writing and arithmetic, but also Latin, the language used in liturgy.
Golden Youth, the nickname has carried the youth of that time. As his father was a merchant easy, Francis allowed certain freedoms, therefore, `` such as entertainment and songs, often late into the night with his fellow `` age [3] . It was not a wanton life. His first biographer
dare say that `` the young Francis was raised by his parents in a `` senseless luxury [4] and pleasure. Why? It responds to a literary tradition of the Middle Ages. But in his second life of Francis, he is not ashamed to say, `` Growing up, he gained universal favor with a heart of gold `` [5] .
St. Bonaventure is more moderate in his presentation of Francis when he argues that: `` it was not to be carried away by the impetuosity of passion among young libertines `` [6] .
CHAPTER FOUR
LITTLE WAR BETWEEN THE TWO CITIES
In the year 1202, a war broke out between Assisi and Perugia. The neighboring town living under the protection of the papal throne, while the city of Assisi fell under the German emperor.
A fortress was built on top of Sasso Rosso overlooking the city. Immediately destroyed as soon rebuilt, and more around the walls of Assisi, governed by a tyrant. Francis worked on this project. He made himself by hand. This will be useful one day not very distant. That was in 1197-1198.
To break free from the tutelage of the tyrant Germanic nobles of Assisi turned to the neighboring republic: Perugia. Unfortunately, taking advantage of their momentary weakness, the proud city gave them the papal war.
So in its twentieth year, Francis, became a soldier to defend his city against Perugia. It was not for him, a moment of glory. Pont-Saint-Jean, on the Tiber, he was disarmed and imprisoned with his companions near Perugia.
CHAPTER FIVE
PRISONER AND YET FREE
`` As it was noble of ways, he was put in prison for `` knights [7] . The prison, in those days, had nothing to celebrate. `` There are only dungeons dark and humid you sleep on straw, they eat dry bread `` [8] .
Unlike all his companions demoralized, Francis remains cheerful, pleasant, leaving none seem sad. As he reproaches his behavior, he responds by saying, worthy of a prophet: "Know ye not that a great future awaits me? ... [9] .
After a year, in November 1203, peace was concluded between the two cities and Francis regained his freedom outside, because inside it was Free.
PRISONER AND YET FREE
`` As it was noble of ways, he was put in prison for `` knights [7] . The prison, in those days, had nothing to celebrate. `` There are only dungeons dark and humid you sleep on straw, they eat dry bread `` [8] .
Unlike all his companions demoralized, Francis remains cheerful, pleasant, leaving none seem sad. As he reproaches his behavior, he responds by saying, worthy of a prophet: "Know ye not that a great future awaits me? ... [9] .
After a year, in November 1203, peace was concluded between the two cities and Francis regained his freedom outside, because inside it was Free.
CHAPTER SIX SICK
and idle
The privations of the prison have undermined bodily Francis. And he took to his bed for weeks. The disease, in fact, is a companion severe [10] . He had plenty of time to ponder his future.
Then his strength returned, he ventured outside. The Umbrian valley stretched at his feet. But neither the birds nor the beauty of flowers, vines or walkways, nor the vast plains framed by small wooded him , restored the desire to live, laugh and sing.
Then, an idea long kept secret, came to his mind: to be knighted. What a noble and beautiful art that rescue and protect pilgrims, help for single mothers and orphans. These were the tasks required to chivalry.
He opened it to his father in seeing a true knight, poorly clad, while wandering through the countryside. For pity's sake, he disposes of his clothes to cover wealthy knight who appeared to him as Christ, poor outwardly, but inwardly rich.
and idle
The privations of the prison have undermined bodily Francis. And he took to his bed for weeks. The disease, in fact, is a companion severe [10] . He had plenty of time to ponder his future.
Then his strength returned, he ventured outside. The Umbrian valley stretched at his feet. But neither the birds nor the beauty of flowers, vines or walkways, nor the vast plains framed by small wooded him , restored the desire to live, laugh and sing.
Then, an idea long kept secret, came to his mind: to be knighted. What a noble and beautiful art that rescue and protect pilgrims, help for single mothers and orphans. These were the tasks required to chivalry.
He opened it to his father in seeing a true knight, poorly clad, while wandering through the countryside. For pity's sake, he disposes of his clothes to cover wealthy knight who appeared to him as Christ, poor outwardly, but inwardly rich.
CHAPTER SEVEN ON THE ROAD TO GLORY
A golden opportunity presented itself in the life of Francis. A noble knight of Assisi was about to go to Southern Italy to join Walter of Brienne, a knight and a prince who commanded the famous papal army.
Francis gave up his father's shop and took the road that would bring military glory, he thought. A first stop in Spoleto in central Italy. With his comrades, he spent the night under the stars `` `` wrapped his coat. Before
is dawning, he had a dream that was to guide his life. I describe briefly.
He was still sleeping when he distinctly heard a mysterious voice:
`` Who can you expect the most, the master or the servant?
`` `` From the master, of course, "said Francis.
`` Why run after the servant instead of seeking the master?
`` `` Lord, Francis dared to say, what do you want me to do?
`` `` Returns the country who saw you born: there he will be told what you must do ``.
Upon waking, Francis turned back and returned to Assisi [11] . It was over for him a military career. The Lord to show him the way forward, His holy and powerful will.
CHAPTER EIGHT
BACK TO ASSISI
One can imagine that he returned crestfallen to his father's house. But no. Obedient as not one, Francis followed the urging of the voice heard, attentive to any signs that would come forward.
His father, at first angry and disappointed to see him back so soon, forced to work its fabric store and serve customers.
friendship for the young nobles of Assisi, he organized one last party. But the joy was gone.
Whenever he could, Francis away from the city and roamed the countryside. The company of the poor made him his joy, for love of the Lord Jesus who identified himself to each of them (Mt 25, 31-46). Indeed, Paul says, `` he was rich, He chose poverty to enrich us with his poverty `` [12] .
The unexpected encounter with a leper in the countryside, was a turning point in his life. When he saw in the distance, he advanced to meet him, alighted from his horse and listening only to his natural goodness, overcoming his revulsion, he gave him a hug, cheek against cheek (some authors speak of a kiss the leper) [13] , and offered him some cold hard parts. After that, Francis mounted his horse and returned to his anchor Assisi. By itself, he said: `` What you were previously odious, that is what must change for you now in joy and gentleness `` [14] .
BACK TO ASSISI
One can imagine that he returned crestfallen to his father's house. But no. Obedient as not one, Francis followed the urging of the voice heard, attentive to any signs that would come forward.
His father, at first angry and disappointed to see him back so soon, forced to work its fabric store and serve customers.
friendship for the young nobles of Assisi, he organized one last party. But the joy was gone.
Whenever he could, Francis away from the city and roamed the countryside. The company of the poor made him his joy, for love of the Lord Jesus who identified himself to each of them (Mt 25, 31-46). Indeed, Paul says, `` he was rich, He chose poverty to enrich us with his poverty `` [12] .
The unexpected encounter with a leper in the countryside, was a turning point in his life. When he saw in the distance, he advanced to meet him, alighted from his horse and listening only to his natural goodness, overcoming his revulsion, he gave him a hug, cheek against cheek (some authors speak of a kiss the leper) [13] , and offered him some cold hard parts. After that, Francis mounted his horse and returned to his anchor Assisi. By itself, he said: `` What you were previously odious, that is what must change for you now in joy and gentleness `` [14] .
CHAPTER NINE
FIRST MISSION
One day his walk brought him near a ruined chapel dedicated to St. Damien. He entered and approached the huge wooden cross that hung above the choir with a famous painting of the crucified.
He knelt down, unable to restrain his tears at the sight of Jesus suffering for the salvation of the world. Suddenly, the head of the crucified and Francis sat, amazed, heard these words: `` Go, Francis, and repair my house, you see, is falling apart ``. [15] Then again, there was silence.
Glancing around him, Francis found the inventory. Openings everywhere, and even near windows in the roof. Without wasting a minute, he got up. His decision was made: he had to repair and rebuild the chapel with his own hands. Such was the mission, the first to be assigned.
He ran towards Assisi and extended his hand, raised his voice and quest for the necessary reconstruction: stones, wood, lime ... A lot of denial. Undeterred, he ventured to say: `` Who will give me a stone will have a reward in heaven, two stones, two awards ... `` They all laughed at him. He was thought mad. But he went on his way.
FIRST MISSION
One day his walk brought him near a ruined chapel dedicated to St. Damien. He entered and approached the huge wooden cross that hung above the choir with a famous painting of the crucified.
He knelt down, unable to restrain his tears at the sight of Jesus suffering for the salvation of the world. Suddenly, the head of the crucified and Francis sat, amazed, heard these words: `` Go, Francis, and repair my house, you see, is falling apart ``. [15] Then again, there was silence.
Glancing around him, Francis found the inventory. Openings everywhere, and even near windows in the roof. Without wasting a minute, he got up. His decision was made: he had to repair and rebuild the chapel with his own hands. Such was the mission, the first to be assigned.
He ran towards Assisi and extended his hand, raised his voice and quest for the necessary reconstruction: stones, wood, lime ... A lot of denial. Undeterred, he ventured to say: `` Who will give me a stone will have a reward in heaven, two stones, two awards ... `` They all laughed at him. He was thought mad. But he went on his way.
CHAPTER TEN
THE FAIR FOLIGNO
As people of Assisi remained insensitive to his project: repairing the church crumbling, Saint-Damien Francis took beautiful fabrics in the shop of his father, he made bundles tied to his horse. Without further ado, he went to Foligno, where the fair was in full swing.
He sold everything, even the coupler and joyfully returned to Assisi. He offered the purse money to the old priest who was attached to the cult of Saint-Damien [16] . When she refused, he left the purse on the ledge of a window.
When his father, back at him, heard the news about his son, he did seek and locked her in his cellar, the shackles.
Her mother disapproved of the hardness of her husband tried to bring Francis to his former way of life. Arriving there and convince him not to, out of pity, broke his chains and set him free [17] .
THE FAIR FOLIGNO
As people of Assisi remained insensitive to his project: repairing the church crumbling, Saint-Damien Francis took beautiful fabrics in the shop of his father, he made bundles tied to his horse. Without further ado, he went to Foligno, where the fair was in full swing.
He sold everything, even the coupler and joyfully returned to Assisi. He offered the purse money to the old priest who was attached to the cult of Saint-Damien [16] . When she refused, he left the purse on the ledge of a window.
When his father, back at him, heard the news about his son, he did seek and locked her in his cellar, the shackles.
Her mother disapproved of the hardness of her husband tried to bring Francis to his former way of life. Arriving there and convince him not to, out of pity, broke his chains and set him free [17] .
CHAPTER ELEVEN
disinherited and REHABILITATED
Pierre Bernardone no longer wanted anything to do with his son Francis. He wanted the money her son had received at the fair in Foligno and expected nothing good from this son whose behavior surprised him at the highest point. He sent for and brought before the bishop, Monsignor Guido, to disinherit.
A real turn of events ensued. Francis, at the sight of all, took off, throwing the feet of his paternal clothing and underwear. Then naked, pronounced these words aloud: `` So far I have called you father on earth, now I can confidently say `Our Father who art in heaven`, since it is to Him that I I entrusted my treasure and gave my word `` [18] .
The bishop who knew Francis and had often meet approved his decision to give body and soul to the service of God, his real father now. Then he drew the young man in his arms, covered her with his coat. Francis was wearing a poor homespun coat, coarse wool. This attention to Francis from the Bishop of Assisi was a kind of rehabilitation, a recognition of the secret new vocation of Francis. `` Until his death, the bishop remained his protector, safer `` [19] .
disinherited and REHABILITATED
Pierre Bernardone no longer wanted anything to do with his son Francis. He wanted the money her son had received at the fair in Foligno and expected nothing good from this son whose behavior surprised him at the highest point. He sent for and brought before the bishop, Monsignor Guido, to disinherit.
A real turn of events ensued. Francis, at the sight of all, took off, throwing the feet of his paternal clothing and underwear. Then naked, pronounced these words aloud: `` So far I have called you father on earth, now I can confidently say `Our Father who art in heaven`, since it is to Him that I I entrusted my treasure and gave my word `` [18] .
The bishop who knew Francis and had often meet approved his decision to give body and soul to the service of God, his real father now. Then he drew the young man in his arms, covered her with his coat. Francis was wearing a poor homespun coat, coarse wool. This attention to Francis from the Bishop of Assisi was a kind of rehabilitation, a recognition of the secret new vocation of Francis. `` Until his death, the bishop remained his protector, safer `` [19] .
CHAPTER TWELVE
WORK
The approval followed by the blessing of his bishop moved somewhat to the many witnesses of the scene. The people looked Francis of Assisi in a different light. It was really a son from heaven, a man of God that this son of a rich recent converts.
Francis resumed his work in rebuilding the chapel dedicated to St. Damien and dilapidated property. He had the stones and mortar and wood slats. However, he had no money. He became a troubadour, singing popular tunes in public places.
To keep fit, he needed food. He offered to help leprosis, or when he stopped to repair the chapel, then he went from house to house to beg for his daily sustenance.
Repair of San Damiano completed (between time, young workers had voluntarily assisted in his task), he attacked the restoration of St. Peter, another chapel far enough from the city but whose devotion to the Prince of the Apostles was very close to his heart. A third place was waiting for his visit: the Porziuncola, a shrine to the Blessed Virgin Mary. It was deserted and abandoned, without maintenance. His love for Mary, Queen of the world, it changed to St. Mary of the Angels is explained as `` frequently enjoyed the visit of the angels `` [20] .
WORK
The approval followed by the blessing of his bishop moved somewhat to the many witnesses of the scene. The people looked Francis of Assisi in a different light. It was really a son from heaven, a man of God that this son of a rich recent converts.
Francis resumed his work in rebuilding the chapel dedicated to St. Damien and dilapidated property. He had the stones and mortar and wood slats. However, he had no money. He became a troubadour, singing popular tunes in public places.
To keep fit, he needed food. He offered to help leprosis, or when he stopped to repair the chapel, then he went from house to house to beg for his daily sustenance.
Repair of San Damiano completed (between time, young workers had voluntarily assisted in his task), he attacked the restoration of St. Peter, another chapel far enough from the city but whose devotion to the Prince of the Apostles was very close to his heart. A third place was waiting for his visit: the Porziuncola, a shrine to the Blessed Virgin Mary. It was deserted and abandoned, without maintenance. His love for Mary, Queen of the world, it changed to St. Mary of the Angels is explained as `` frequently enjoyed the visit of the angels `` [20] .
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
FIRST RULE OF LIFE
Unlike Jesus, Francis did not chose his first disciples. They came to him looking to live. There was, at the very beginning, when he restored the chapel of San Damiano, a certain Bernard of Quintavalle. He was rich. Then another called Peter of Catania.
Francis, inspired by the Holy Spirit, said: `` In follow me, penniless, and yet joyful, it is a serious decision. Come see the `` book of the Gospels. The Church of St. Nicolas was not far. They entered all three. They approached the lectern and, in turn, opened the holy book and lirent aloud the passage they had before their eyes. First
Bernard: `` If thou wilt be perfect, go, sell whatsoever thou hast, and give in to the poor and thou shalt have treasure in heaven ``. Then Peter: `` Whoever wishes to come after me, Jesus says he prefers me to her father, mother and all his kin and take up his cross and follow me. Then it will be my disciple ``. Finally, it was Francis: `` Who wants to save his life shall lose it, but whoever loses his life in the face of people, for my sake shall find it. He will be with me forever ``. All
happy, as if they had won the jackpot, they left the church. How fortunate for them. A new rule of life lay before them. They spent the rest of the day to discuss these words of life and even to retain them and to pray.
FIRST RULE OF LIFE
Unlike Jesus, Francis did not chose his first disciples. They came to him looking to live. There was, at the very beginning, when he restored the chapel of San Damiano, a certain Bernard of Quintavalle. He was rich. Then another called Peter of Catania.
Francis, inspired by the Holy Spirit, said: `` In follow me, penniless, and yet joyful, it is a serious decision. Come see the `` book of the Gospels. The Church of St. Nicolas was not far. They entered all three. They approached the lectern and, in turn, opened the holy book and lirent aloud the passage they had before their eyes. First
Bernard: `` If thou wilt be perfect, go, sell whatsoever thou hast, and give in to the poor and thou shalt have treasure in heaven ``. Then Peter: `` Whoever wishes to come after me, Jesus says he prefers me to her father, mother and all his kin and take up his cross and follow me. Then it will be my disciple ``. Finally, it was Francis: `` Who wants to save his life shall lose it, but whoever loses his life in the face of people, for my sake shall find it. He will be with me forever ``. All
happy, as if they had won the jackpot, they left the church. How fortunate for them. A new rule of life lay before them. They spent the rest of the day to discuss these words of life and even to retain them and to pray.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
ROAD TO ROME
Soon, they were three, they went to twelve. The gospel was their new way of life. Each brought his color, his love of the Gospel so they could provide a dozen pieces François selected excerpts of the Gospel.
After much meditation and prayer, Francis invited them to follow him to Italy, to Rome itself, to meet the Lord Pope and get his approval for its new way of life.
But on arrival at the forecourt of Lateran, with their clothes tattered and dusty, soon returned. We took them for sectarian, penitents illuminated. No new rule told the prelates who advised the pope.
Then a mysterious event happened. During the night the Pope had a dream. He saw his church of the Lateran collapsing and, miraculously, a little man in gray homespun rely on one wall and his hands to stop the collapse.
early morning, he sent people find Francis and his companions. He saw in him and his little band, a sign from heaven to restore the church which threatened ruin.
Francis appeared before Pope Innocent III, he explained the reason for his action: approval of its mode of life, modeled on the Gospel. The Lord's answer pleased the Pope. Verbally, he approved his gospel project and allowed him and his brothers to go to the people of God and tell him the good news: `` Touch the heart of people, return to the Church the faithful who are far away from indifference or warmth `` .
ROAD TO ROME
Soon, they were three, they went to twelve. The gospel was their new way of life. Each brought his color, his love of the Gospel so they could provide a dozen pieces François selected excerpts of the Gospel.
After much meditation and prayer, Francis invited them to follow him to Italy, to Rome itself, to meet the Lord Pope and get his approval for its new way of life.
But on arrival at the forecourt of Lateran, with their clothes tattered and dusty, soon returned. We took them for sectarian, penitents illuminated. No new rule told the prelates who advised the pope.
Then a mysterious event happened. During the night the Pope had a dream. He saw his church of the Lateran collapsing and, miraculously, a little man in gray homespun rely on one wall and his hands to stop the collapse.
early morning, he sent people find Francis and his companions. He saw in him and his little band, a sign from heaven to restore the church which threatened ruin.
Francis appeared before Pope Innocent III, he explained the reason for his action: approval of its mode of life, modeled on the Gospel. The Lord's answer pleased the Pope. Verbally, he approved his gospel project and allowed him and his brothers to go to the people of God and tell him the good news: `` Touch the heart of people, return to the Church the faithful who are far away from indifference or warmth `` .
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
ITS FIRST FEMALE ROOKIE
The first and most famous female rookie was Clare of Assisi (1194-1253). Indeed, Claire Offreduccio [21] was the daughter of a noble family in Assisi. One day she was at church Saint-Georges, she saw and heard Francis preach. She fell in love with this Jesus that Francis described in simple yet compelling and burning.
She managed to meet him and tell him her secret: give herself to God, but in the Franciscan family began.
When she turns 18, it was in 1212, she presented herself at night in the Porziuncola stood where Francis and his brothers. In this Palm Sunday, she left her palatial home and was received by Francis, who cut his hair and gave him a rough homespun coat, and covered a simple veil. She was taken to a Benedictine convent until combined with other girls or ladies including his sister Catherine. Francis gave them the convent of San Damiano.
The family strongly opposed his plan. But Claire showed them his head shaved, a sign of the gift of his whole person to serve the Lord in prayer and concern for the poor. For forty years
Claire devoted himself to his sister as abbess, called the Poor Clares Poor Clares and later.
She was the first woman in the whole Church who wrote a rule of life that Pope Innocent 1V approved, but at the very end of his life. Two years after her death she was canonized.
ITS FIRST FEMALE ROOKIE
The first and most famous female rookie was Clare of Assisi (1194-1253). Indeed, Claire Offreduccio [21] was the daughter of a noble family in Assisi. One day she was at church Saint-Georges, she saw and heard Francis preach. She fell in love with this Jesus that Francis described in simple yet compelling and burning.
She managed to meet him and tell him her secret: give herself to God, but in the Franciscan family began.
When she turns 18, it was in 1212, she presented herself at night in the Porziuncola stood where Francis and his brothers. In this Palm Sunday, she left her palatial home and was received by Francis, who cut his hair and gave him a rough homespun coat, and covered a simple veil. She was taken to a Benedictine convent until combined with other girls or ladies including his sister Catherine. Francis gave them the convent of San Damiano.
The family strongly opposed his plan. But Claire showed them his head shaved, a sign of the gift of his whole person to serve the Lord in prayer and concern for the poor. For forty years
Claire devoted himself to his sister as abbess, called the Poor Clares Poor Clares and later.
She was the first woman in the whole Church who wrote a rule of life that Pope Innocent 1V approved, but at the very end of his life. Two years after her death she was canonized.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
AT THE SULTAN
Francis lived in the days when the country was occupied by Jesus of the Saracens (Muslims). To hunt the infidels, the popes successively preached holy war, raising troops cross in Christian countries. There were eight crusades. At the Lateran Council in 1215, they voted to begin the fifth crusade.
Francis, who opposed the peaceful use of weapons, preferring the name of the Gospel dialogue even with the enemy. He decided to visit Egypt and to preach peace and reconciliation, as well as the Crusaders Saracens. That was in September 1219 in Damietta, Egypt.
Because there were truce between the two camps [22] , he took the opportunity to approach the besieged city. Before long, he was beaten and dragged to the great Sultan Melek el Kamel.
He was ready for martyrdom. But no, because its simple but burning words stirred up the Sultan but did not convert. He refused all his presents in the name of holy poverty of the Lord Jesus. He obtained However, a safe conduct to travel safely to Jerusalem.
AT THE SULTAN
Francis lived in the days when the country was occupied by Jesus of the Saracens (Muslims). To hunt the infidels, the popes successively preached holy war, raising troops cross in Christian countries. There were eight crusades. At the Lateran Council in 1215, they voted to begin the fifth crusade.
Francis, who opposed the peaceful use of weapons, preferring the name of the Gospel dialogue even with the enemy. He decided to visit Egypt and to preach peace and reconciliation, as well as the Crusaders Saracens. That was in September 1219 in Damietta, Egypt.
Because there were truce between the two camps [22] , he took the opportunity to approach the besieged city. Before long, he was beaten and dragged to the great Sultan Melek el Kamel.
He was ready for martyrdom. But no, because its simple but burning words stirred up the Sultan but did not convert. He refused all his presents in the name of holy poverty of the Lord Jesus. He obtained However, a safe conduct to travel safely to Jerusalem.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
TO JERUSALEM
That boat he went to the Holy Land, equips its `` firman (Safe Conduct). He landed at the port of Saint Jean d'Acre.
Presumably he celebrated Christmas in Bethlehem in 1219, the Annunciation in Nazareth in 1220 and spent the Holy Week in Gethsemane and Golgotha [23] .
A Franciscan tradition recalls the memorable gesture Francis landed at the sight of Jerusalem, the holy city, where he died the Son of God Savior. Francis, indeed, lay face against the ground, hands extended crosshair. He wept over the suffering endured by Jesus during his passion and crucifixion.
eyes burned by the reflection of sunlight on the sand of the desert of Judea, Francis returned to Italy nearly blind. His long absence had caused dissension among brothers. He had to rebuild the unit and choose a brother as `general minister`. In short, to lead the whole Order and Replace.
TO JERUSALEM
That boat he went to the Holy Land, equips its `` firman (Safe Conduct). He landed at the port of Saint Jean d'Acre.
Presumably he celebrated Christmas in Bethlehem in 1219, the Annunciation in Nazareth in 1220 and spent the Holy Week in Gethsemane and Golgotha [23] .
A Franciscan tradition recalls the memorable gesture Francis landed at the sight of Jerusalem, the holy city, where he died the Son of God Savior. Francis, indeed, lay face against the ground, hands extended crosshair. He wept over the suffering endured by Jesus during his passion and crucifixion.
eyes burned by the reflection of sunlight on the sand of the desert of Judea, Francis returned to Italy nearly blind. His long absence had caused dissension among brothers. He had to rebuild the unit and choose a brother as `general minister`. In short, to lead the whole Order and Replace.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
the wolf of Gubbio
True story or legend? Historians disagree [24] . One thing is certain: St. Francis had a reputation as a miracle worker [25] .
The story goes that a ferocious wolf terrorizing the people of Gubbio so they armed themselves with pitchforks and sticks when they crossed the gates of the city, where they meet. They sent Francis went to meet the big bad wolf in a small wood nearby. The animal lover turned wolf without the household. For example: `` Bad Wolf, `` I hear that .... In the end, Francis showed him more gently: `` Thou hast done wrong, but that was because of hunger that tormented you ``. He made peace with the wolf, presented him with his right hand, they say, while the wolf went on to Francis his right leg. This accomplishes
, Francis asked the wolf in Gubbio and follow up the public square. Surrounded by the entire population, Francis exhorted people to convert. Their conduct was wrong. He even begged to fear a more ferocious wolf, the devil and the pains of hell. Then he reassured them. The wolf will do you no pain, but on the express condition that you agree to the feed daily.
History tells us that the old wolf lived for two years in this small Italian town.
CHAPTER NINETEEN
THIRD ORDER
The Order of Penitents of Assisi, founded by St. Francis and approved by Pope Innocent III in 1209, was enriched with the second order girls came to St. Claire to become, in 1212, the Order of Poor Ladies or Poor Clares.
About nine years later, in 1221, Francis there came to him a couple, recently converted: Luchésio Bonadonna and his wife-to Poggi Bonzi in Tuscany. They wanted followers of Francis, follow its rule of life but without entering separate him from the brothers and sisters in.
response to their request of Francis was inspired by God. Do not separate yourself. Marriage binds you for life. You will live under a rule of life that Cardinal Ugolino (later Pope Honorius III) approved. And in doing so, while remaining within the world to live your life according to the Gospel, you will become the first members of this third order I am about to found in the Church. In the example of brothers and sisters of the First and Second Order, you will gather you in fraternities.
Francis invited them to a ceremony shortly after cladding, because they were likely to want to follow St Francis while staying married. For their weekly or monthly meeting, they wore a gray coat with a rope ash around his waist, at the instigation of Blessed Francis [26] . They were not allowed to use weapons or swear at Podesta (Mayor) [27] . Thus they kept the spirit of Francis, who was for peace.
CHACHAPITRE TWENTY
the wolf of Gubbio
True story or legend? Historians disagree [24] . One thing is certain: St. Francis had a reputation as a miracle worker [25] .
The story goes that a ferocious wolf terrorizing the people of Gubbio so they armed themselves with pitchforks and sticks when they crossed the gates of the city, where they meet. They sent Francis went to meet the big bad wolf in a small wood nearby. The animal lover turned wolf without the household. For example: `` Bad Wolf, `` I hear that .... In the end, Francis showed him more gently: `` Thou hast done wrong, but that was because of hunger that tormented you ``. He made peace with the wolf, presented him with his right hand, they say, while the wolf went on to Francis his right leg. This accomplishes
, Francis asked the wolf in Gubbio and follow up the public square. Surrounded by the entire population, Francis exhorted people to convert. Their conduct was wrong. He even begged to fear a more ferocious wolf, the devil and the pains of hell. Then he reassured them. The wolf will do you no pain, but on the express condition that you agree to the feed daily.
History tells us that the old wolf lived for two years in this small Italian town.
CHAPTER NINETEEN
THIRD ORDER
The Order of Penitents of Assisi, founded by St. Francis and approved by Pope Innocent III in 1209, was enriched with the second order girls came to St. Claire to become, in 1212, the Order of Poor Ladies or Poor Clares.
About nine years later, in 1221, Francis there came to him a couple, recently converted: Luchésio Bonadonna and his wife-to Poggi Bonzi in Tuscany. They wanted followers of Francis, follow its rule of life but without entering separate him from the brothers and sisters in.
response to their request of Francis was inspired by God. Do not separate yourself. Marriage binds you for life. You will live under a rule of life that Cardinal Ugolino (later Pope Honorius III) approved. And in doing so, while remaining within the world to live your life according to the Gospel, you will become the first members of this third order I am about to found in the Church. In the example of brothers and sisters of the First and Second Order, you will gather you in fraternities.
Francis invited them to a ceremony shortly after cladding, because they were likely to want to follow St Francis while staying married. For their weekly or monthly meeting, they wore a gray coat with a rope ash around his waist, at the instigation of Blessed Francis [26] . They were not allowed to use weapons or swear at Podesta (Mayor) [27] . Thus they kept the spirit of Francis, who was for peace.
CHACHAPITRE TWENTY
CHRISTMAS Greccio
What I tell you really happened in the valley of Rieti, in Greccio. His first Christmas in Bethlehem had very moved. That is why Francis imagined recreate his experience in Italy, precisely Greccio. That was in 1223.
He spoke to his friend John who had a rocky and wooded terrain. He presented his project: `` I want to evoke the memory of the Child who was born in Bethlehem ... I want to see, My eyes of flesh, as it was, lying in a manger and sleeping on straw `` [28] .
arrived December 24. The brothers of the monasteries around congregated near the manger and the altar, built over the manger, as many locals, who came at the invitation of Francis, with torches and candles. The night was as bright as day.
Francis, in his capacity as deacon sang the Gospel in a sonorous voice. He preached to the people and found the words sweet as honey. Speaking of Jesus Christ, he called him fondly: the Child of Bethlehem (Il Bambino). A witness reported that the child lying in the manger was fired sleep and smiled at Francis drew nearer.
Celano himself added this comment. `` The baby Jesus was indeed sleeping in oblivion at the bottom of many hearts `` [29] .
Since then, Christians of all countries like to establish a nursery, both in their churches or chapels in their private residences.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOUND
LENT OF SAINT-MICHEL
Each year, Francis needed moments of penance and prayer alone. Long before the Christmas and Easter, he came into Lent. In full summer, in preparation for the feast of St. Michael the Archangel (29 September), he retired to pray and fast. His devotion to the mystery of the cross was intense.
He had received a mountain of Sir Roland very conducive to prayer, Mount La Verna in Tuscany, who wants to do penance in a remote place in the world [30] . It was in 1224, two years before his death.
It started off with a few brothers. It would build huts up there. But, exhausted by so many penances and worries, his body was hard. We had recourse to a peasant who lent him his donkey to carry it.
Passed the Feast of the Assumption, he left his companions, the place he chose was beyond a deep gorge with rocks. Was thrown over the abyss a big tree trunk unplaned. Beyond this bridge, one brother Leon could approach: `` once a day, to bring him bread and water, and once at night, at the hour of matins `` [31 ] .
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO THE
STIGMA
The feast of the glorious Cross approaching (September 14). Francis sent for by Brother Leo the Gospel. Three times it was about the passion of Christ. `` As Francis had followed Christ in the acts of his life he had to follow and comply in the pains of passion `` [32] .
He prayed to the Lord. He asked her to give him two favors: the first, `` What I feel in my body and my soul that pain you've endured You Jesus at the hour of thy passion `` cruel, the second with: `` What I feel in my heart You love that you have been burning for us sinners `` [33] .
His prayer ended, he saw from heaven, a seraph. He had six wings and showed the image of a crucified hands and feet stretched on the cross. `` It was obviously the Lord Jesus `` [34] . The vision disappeared, leaving him at heart a wonderful enthusiasm, but not without it printed in full flesh of brands: the nail holes in his hands and feet. The stigma of passion, indeed, was printed in his body. Moreover, the location of the spear, a gaping wound where His precious blood flowed.
When the 40 days of Lent were expired, Brother Leo, together with the other brothers descended into the plain, carrying the battered body of their father stigmatized `` bearing the image of the Crucified, reproduced in his own flesh `` [ 35] .
What I tell you really happened in the valley of Rieti, in Greccio. His first Christmas in Bethlehem had very moved. That is why Francis imagined recreate his experience in Italy, precisely Greccio. That was in 1223.
He spoke to his friend John who had a rocky and wooded terrain. He presented his project: `` I want to evoke the memory of the Child who was born in Bethlehem ... I want to see, My eyes of flesh, as it was, lying in a manger and sleeping on straw `` [28] .
arrived December 24. The brothers of the monasteries around congregated near the manger and the altar, built over the manger, as many locals, who came at the invitation of Francis, with torches and candles. The night was as bright as day.
Francis, in his capacity as deacon sang the Gospel in a sonorous voice. He preached to the people and found the words sweet as honey. Speaking of Jesus Christ, he called him fondly: the Child of Bethlehem (Il Bambino). A witness reported that the child lying in the manger was fired sleep and smiled at Francis drew nearer.
Celano himself added this comment. `` The baby Jesus was indeed sleeping in oblivion at the bottom of many hearts `` [29] .
Since then, Christians of all countries like to establish a nursery, both in their churches or chapels in their private residences.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOUND
LENT OF SAINT-MICHEL
Each year, Francis needed moments of penance and prayer alone. Long before the Christmas and Easter, he came into Lent. In full summer, in preparation for the feast of St. Michael the Archangel (29 September), he retired to pray and fast. His devotion to the mystery of the cross was intense.
He had received a mountain of Sir Roland very conducive to prayer, Mount La Verna in Tuscany, who wants to do penance in a remote place in the world [30] . It was in 1224, two years before his death.
It started off with a few brothers. It would build huts up there. But, exhausted by so many penances and worries, his body was hard. We had recourse to a peasant who lent him his donkey to carry it.
Passed the Feast of the Assumption, he left his companions, the place he chose was beyond a deep gorge with rocks. Was thrown over the abyss a big tree trunk unplaned. Beyond this bridge, one brother Leon could approach: `` once a day, to bring him bread and water, and once at night, at the hour of matins `` [31 ] .
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO THE
STIGMA
The feast of the glorious Cross approaching (September 14). Francis sent for by Brother Leo the Gospel. Three times it was about the passion of Christ. `` As Francis had followed Christ in the acts of his life he had to follow and comply in the pains of passion `` [32] .
He prayed to the Lord. He asked her to give him two favors: the first, `` What I feel in my body and my soul that pain you've endured You Jesus at the hour of thy passion `` cruel, the second with: `` What I feel in my heart You love that you have been burning for us sinners `` [33] .
His prayer ended, he saw from heaven, a seraph. He had six wings and showed the image of a crucified hands and feet stretched on the cross. `` It was obviously the Lord Jesus `` [34] . The vision disappeared, leaving him at heart a wonderful enthusiasm, but not without it printed in full flesh of brands: the nail holes in his hands and feet. The stigma of passion, indeed, was printed in his body. Moreover, the location of the spear, a gaping wound where His precious blood flowed.
When the 40 days of Lent were expired, Brother Leo, together with the other brothers descended into the plain, carrying the battered body of their father stigmatized `` bearing the image of the Crucified, reproduced in his own flesh `` [ 35] .
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
HIS SONG TO ALL CREATION
Seeing death approaching, Francis was transported to St. Damian's monastery in the shadow of Claire. For two years, they ran towards him, because he had become like Christ in his body stigmatized. All towns wanted his presence, especially the brothers convents scattered throughout the valley of Rieti and Umbria. Approaching Assisi, he blessed and all its citizens.
Here he extended in the garden by Claire and there, he dictated to Brother Leo, a hymn to the whole creation which he could hardly see, nearly blind. He became the champion of the creatures he named his brother, his sister. All and all, creatures of one and the same Father, God the Creator.
Most High, all powerful, all good Lord ...
Praised be You, Lord, with all Your creatures, especially Sir
our Brother Sun
who gives birth and by whom you enlighten us;
it is beautiful and radiant and with his great splendor is
meaning of You, Most High.
Praised be You, Lord for our Sister Water who is useful,
humble, precious and pure.
Praise you Lord for our Brother Fire is beautiful,
happy, strong and courageous.
Praise you Lord for our sister Mother Earth,
that will carry us and nourishes us, that produces fruit,
flowers and herbs [36] .
HIS SONG TO ALL CREATION
Seeing death approaching, Francis was transported to St. Damian's monastery in the shadow of Claire. For two years, they ran towards him, because he had become like Christ in his body stigmatized. All towns wanted his presence, especially the brothers convents scattered throughout the valley of Rieti and Umbria. Approaching Assisi, he blessed and all its citizens.
Here he extended in the garden by Claire and there, he dictated to Brother Leo, a hymn to the whole creation which he could hardly see, nearly blind. He became the champion of the creatures he named his brother, his sister. All and all, creatures of one and the same Father, God the Creator.
Most High, all powerful, all good Lord ...
Praised be You, Lord, with all Your creatures, especially Sir
our Brother Sun
who gives birth and by whom you enlighten us;
it is beautiful and radiant and with his great splendor is
meaning of You, Most High.
Praised be You, Lord for our Sister Water who is useful,
humble, precious and pure.
Praise you Lord for our Brother Fire is beautiful,
happy, strong and courageous.
Praise you Lord for our sister Mother Earth,
that will carry us and nourishes us, that produces fruit,
flowers and herbs [36] .
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
NU ON BARE EARTH
His life began to penitent Portiuncula. That's where it ended. He received the death came as a sister: `` Praise you Lord for our Sister Death, from which no man can escape `` [37] .
Filed naked on the bare earth, at his request, to die in abject poverty, he brought forth bread blessed and broke it before giving a small piece to each of the brothers present. They brought the Gospel and he himself chooses to read the text it was the passage in St. John that begins with these words: `` The day before Easter ... `` Francis wanted to recall the Last Supper. `` In remembrance of the Lord he accomplished all these rites `` [38] .
At her doctor came to his bedside, he said: `` Do not be afraid to tell me that death is near, as it is for me the door of life `` [39] .
`` `` Brother Jacqueline (name that Francis had given the Roman widow who offered him hospitality often) paid him a final visit. They brought him the honey cake he once relished. Francis barely touched it, as he suffered. `` In addition to the candles that were burned after his death, she offered him a tunic of cloth monastic ashen, for his burial `` [40] .
Francis sang Psalm 141: `` My voice is crying to God ``. When the soul of Francis left his body, a strip of larks flew over the passing away where the saint of Assisi.
NU ON BARE EARTH
His life began to penitent Portiuncula. That's where it ended. He received the death came as a sister: `` Praise you Lord for our Sister Death, from which no man can escape `` [37] .
Filed naked on the bare earth, at his request, to die in abject poverty, he brought forth bread blessed and broke it before giving a small piece to each of the brothers present. They brought the Gospel and he himself chooses to read the text it was the passage in St. John that begins with these words: `` The day before Easter ... `` Francis wanted to recall the Last Supper. `` In remembrance of the Lord he accomplished all these rites `` [38] .
At her doctor came to his bedside, he said: `` Do not be afraid to tell me that death is near, as it is for me the door of life `` [39] .
`` `` Brother Jacqueline (name that Francis had given the Roman widow who offered him hospitality often) paid him a final visit. They brought him the honey cake he once relished. Francis barely touched it, as he suffered. `` In addition to the candles that were burned after his death, she offered him a tunic of cloth monastic ashen, for his burial `` [40] .
Francis sang Psalm 141: `` My voice is crying to God ``. When the soul of Francis left his body, a strip of larks flew over the passing away where the saint of Assisi.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- St. Francis of Assisi, documents gathered and presented by Theophilus Desbonnets and Damien Vorreux, OFM, Paris, Ed Franciscan, 1968, 1600 p.
- Documents:
- St. Francis of Assisi, documents gathered and presented by Theophilus Desbonnets and Damien Vorreux, OFM, Paris, Ed Franciscan, 1968, 1600 p.
- Documents:
Writings of St. Francis
Life of St. Francis, Thomas of Celano, Vita 1.11
Life of St. Francis by St. Bonaventure, Legenda Major, Minor Legenda.
Legend of Perugia.
mirror of perfection
Fioretti saintFrançois
Legend of the Three Companions
Sacrum Convivium
- St. Francis of Assisi by Johannes Joergensen, Librairie Perrin, translated from Danish, Paris, 1954, pp. 536
- Francis of Assisi by Ephrem Longpre, OFM Ed Beauchesne, Paris, 1966, pp. 216.
- The ardent life of St. Francis of Assisi by Father Frederick Ghyvelde, OFM, The Franciscan Missionaries of Mary, Quebec, 1956, pp.194.
- Life of St. Francis of Assisi by Omer Englebert, Paris, Ed Albin Michel, 1972.
Life of St. Francis, Thomas of Celano, Vita 1.11
Life of St. Francis by St. Bonaventure, Legenda Major, Minor Legenda.
Legend of Perugia.
mirror of perfection
Fioretti saintFrançois
Legend of the Three Companions
Sacrum Convivium
- St. Francis of Assisi by Johannes Joergensen, Librairie Perrin, translated from Danish, Paris, 1954, pp. 536
- Francis of Assisi by Ephrem Longpre, OFM Ed Beauchesne, Paris, 1966, pp. 216.
- The ardent life of St. Francis of Assisi by Father Frederick Ghyvelde, OFM, The Franciscan Missionaries of Mary, Quebec, 1956, pp.194.
- Life of St. Francis of Assisi by Omer Englebert, Paris, Ed Albin Michel, 1972.
[1] Johannes Joergensen, St. Francis of Assisi, Paris, Ed Perrin, 1954, p.13.
[2] St. Bonaventure, Legenda `Minor` in Documents, Paris, Ed Franciscan, 1968, p.725.
[3] Legend of the Three Companions, cf. Documents, ocp799.
[4] Celano, Vita Prima, cf. Documents, ocp213.
[5] Celano, Vita Secunda, cf. Documents, ocp348.
[6] Bonaventure, Legenda Major, cf. Documents, p.587.
[7] Legend of the Three Companions, ocp801.
[8] Henriette Major, Claude Lafortune, St-François d'Assise, Montreal, Ed Fides, 1981, p.13.
[9] Joergensen, St. Francis of Assisi, ocp27.
[10] Major and Lafortune, Saint Francis of Assisi, ocp18.
[11] Joergensen, St. Francis of Assisi ocp33-34.
[12] 2 Cor , 8-9
[13] Legend of the Three Companions, ocp807
[14] Joergensen, ocp48.
[15] 2 Celano 6.10.
[16] Legenda Major, 2.1.
[17] Legend of the Three Companions, cf. Documents, OC chapter. 6.18.
[18] Legenda Major, cf. Documents, p. 596 or SM 2.4.
[19] Celano, 6.15.
[20] Legenda Major, 2.7
[21] Francis of Assisi by Ephrem Longpre, OFM, Paris, Ed Beauchesne, 1966, p.21.
[22] Celano, 20.57, footnote 7.
[23] Joergensen, ocp308.
[24] The Fioretti SF, cf. Documents, chap. 21, note 1.
[25] Celano, Treatise miracles, cf. Documents, p.529 to 562.
[26] Blessed Luchésio by Martial Lekeux, OFM, Brussels 1936, p. 48.
[27] Joergensen, ocp366.
[28] Celano, Vita Prima, 30.84.
[29] Celano, ibid.
[30] First consideration on the stigma, Documents, ocp1329.
[31] Joergensen, OC P.440.
[32] Third consideration on the stigma, Documents, ocp1350.
[33] Idem, p.1351.
[34] Legenda Major, Documents, ocp852.
[35] Idem, p.705.
[36] H. Major and C. Lafortune, Francis of Assisi, ocp73-75.
[37] Legenda Major, Documents, ocp76.
[38] 1 Celano, 163, Documents, ocp975.
[39] Idem, p.523.
[40] Legend of Perugia, Documents, loc. p.975.
[2] St. Bonaventure, Legenda `Minor` in Documents, Paris, Ed Franciscan, 1968, p.725.
[3] Legend of the Three Companions, cf. Documents, ocp799.
[4] Celano, Vita Prima, cf. Documents, ocp213.
[5] Celano, Vita Secunda, cf. Documents, ocp348.
[6] Bonaventure, Legenda Major, cf. Documents, p.587.
[7] Legend of the Three Companions, ocp801.
[8] Henriette Major, Claude Lafortune, St-François d'Assise, Montreal, Ed Fides, 1981, p.13.
[9] Joergensen, St. Francis of Assisi, ocp27.
[10] Major and Lafortune, Saint Francis of Assisi, ocp18.
[11] Joergensen, St. Francis of Assisi ocp33-34.
[12] 2 Cor , 8-9
[13] Legend of the Three Companions, ocp807
[14] Joergensen, ocp48.
[15] 2 Celano 6.10.
[16] Legenda Major, 2.1.
[17] Legend of the Three Companions, cf. Documents, OC chapter. 6.18.
[18] Legenda Major, cf. Documents, p. 596 or SM 2.4.
[19] Celano, 6.15.
[20] Legenda Major, 2.7
[21] Francis of Assisi by Ephrem Longpre, OFM, Paris, Ed Beauchesne, 1966, p.21.
[22] Celano, 20.57, footnote 7.
[23] Joergensen, ocp308.
[24] The Fioretti SF, cf. Documents, chap. 21, note 1.
[25] Celano, Treatise miracles, cf. Documents, p.529 to 562.
[26] Blessed Luchésio by Martial Lekeux, OFM, Brussels 1936, p. 48.
[27] Joergensen, ocp366.
[28] Celano, Vita Prima, 30.84.
[29] Celano, ibid.
[30] First consideration on the stigma, Documents, ocp1329.
[31] Joergensen, OC P.440.
[32] Third consideration on the stigma, Documents, ocp1350.
[33] Idem, p.1351.
[34] Legenda Major, Documents, ocp852.
[35] Idem, p.705.
[36] H. Major and C. Lafortune, Francis of Assisi, ocp73-75.
[37] Legenda Major, Documents, ocp76.
[38] 1 Celano, 163, Documents, ocp975.
[39] Idem, p.523.
[40] Legend of Perugia, Documents, loc. p.975.
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